128-Partition

एक दुखी परिवार-128

Kashmir-stays none of contention

For both India and Pakistan, the most singular conflict unresolved since partition has concerned the former Princely State of Kashmir, whose fate was left undetermined at the time the British left. 

Lying as it did on the border, Kashmir was claimed by both countries, which have been to war over this region on numerous occasions.

The conflict has wasted thousands of lives and millions of dollars, but is closer to no solution , thank our leaders who got India this cancer in their haste to climb throne of independent India which the British , it is understood, were too willing to serve on a silver platter but not without bargaining such a devastating issue to engage India and Pakistan in an unending ordeal called Kashmir.

(Cont.    )

127- Reasons for partition-7

एक दुखी परिवार-127

Last months of British rule

Post-partition and conflict over Kashmir.

The death of Muhammed Ali Jinnah in 1948, the conflict with India over the Princely State of Kashmir (which both countries claimed at independence), as well as ethnic and religious differences within Pakistan itself, all combined to stymie (a situation or problem presenting such difficulties as to discourage or defeat any attempt to deal with or resolve it) early attempts to agree on a constitution and an effectively functioning civil administration.

This failure paved the way for a military takeover of the government in 1958 and later on, a civil war.

1971 saw the division of the Pakistan and the creation of the separate state of Bangladesh. Ever since then, military rule had been more often than not the order of the day in both countries.

India has maintained remarkable cohesion since independence, especially considering it is nearly the size of Europe.

At independence, in India and in Pakistan, civil unrest as well as ethnic and religious discord threatened the stability of the new country. However, the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi on 30 January 1948 by a Hindu fanatic strengthened the hand of secularists , so called, within the government.

Indian politicians ratified a constitution, which led to the first democratic elections in 1951. This made India the world's largest democracy and consolidated governmental authority over the entire subcontinent.

However, major tensions have persisted among both Muslim and Sikh communities, which suffered most from the violence and land loss resulting from partition. These tensions erupted most seriously in the 1980s in a violent campaign for the creation of a separate Sikh state which led ultimately to the assassination of Indira Gandhi.

Renewed victimisation of Muslims has also occurred, notably with the destruction of the Muslim shrine at Ayodhya in 1992 and anti-Muslim riots in Gujarat in 2004. With such notable exceptions, however, India has maintained a remarkable level of cohesion since independence, especially if one considers that it is a country nearly the size of Europe.

(Cont.   .)

126-Reasons for partition-6

एक दुखी परिवार-126

Last months of British rule

Hopes for Pakistan

Strong support for the idea of an independent Pakistan came from large Muslim landowning families in the Punjab and Sindh, who saw it as an opportunity to prosper within a captive market free from competition.

Support also came from the poor peasantry of East Bengal, who saw it as an opportunity to escape from the clutches of moneylenders - often Hindu. Both were to be disappointed. Independent Pakistan inherited India's longest and strategically most problematic borders.

The heartland of support for the Muslim League lay in Uttar Pradesh, which was not included within Pakistan.

At the same time, 90% of the subcontinent's industry, and taxable income base remained in India, including the largest cities of Delhi, Bombay and Calcutta. The economy of Pakistan was chiefly agricultural, and controlled by feudal elites.

Furthermore, at the division of India, Pakistan won a poor share of the colonial government's financial reserves - with 23% of the undivided land mass, it inherited only 17.5% of the former government's financial assets. Once the army had been paid, nothing was left over for the purposes of economic development.

(Cont.   .)

125-Reasons for partition-5

एक दुखी परिवार-125

Last months of British rule

The last months of British rule were marked by a naval mutiny, wage strikes and successful demonstrations in every major city.

Elsewhere, the last months of British rule were marked by a naval mutiny, wage strikes and successful demonstrations in every major city. In all of these conflicts the British colonial government remained aloof, as it concentrated on the business of negotiating a speedy transfer of power.

(Cont.    .)

124-Reasons for partition-4

एक दुखी परिवार-124

Tensions in India

Many have wondered why the British and Indian leaders did not delay until a better deal over borders could have been agreed. One explanation is that in the months and years immediately following World War Two, leaders on all sides were losing control and were keen to strike a deal before the country descended into chaos.

Immediately before World War Two, India was ravaged by the impact of the Great Depression, bringing mass unemployment. This created tremendous tensions exacerbated during the war by inflation and food grain shortages. Rationing was introduced in Indian cities and in Bengal a major famine developed in 1942.

The resulting discontent was expressed in widespread violence accompanying the Congress party's 'Quit India' campaign of 1942 - a violence only contained by the deployment of 55 army battalions.

With the cessation of hostilities, the battalions at the disposal of the government in India were rapidly diminished. At the same time, the infrastructure of the Congress Party, whose entire leadership was imprisoned due to their opposition to the war, had been dismantled.

The Muslim League, which co-operated with the British, had rapidly increased its membership, yet still had very limited grassroots level organisation.

This was dramatically revealed on the 16 August 1946, when Jinnah called for a 'Direct Action Day' by followers of the League in support of the demand for Pakistan. The day had dissolved into random violence and civil disruption across north India, with thousands of lives lost.

This was interpreted by the British as evidence of the irreconcilable differences between Hindus and Muslims. In reality, the riots were evidence as much of a simple lack of military and political control as they were of social discord.

Further evidence of the collapse of government authority was to be seen in the Princely State of Hyderabad, where a major uprising occurred in the Telengana region, and with the Tebhaga ('two-thirds') agitation among share-cropping cultivators in north Bengal. A leading role was played in both by the Communist Party of India.

(Cont.     .)

Your Oxygen Level

When your lungs are healthy and working well, you breathe in air and your body gets the oxygen it needs to keep everything working. Your blood cells are able to pick up the oxygen and carry enough to handle your body's needs. This is your oxygen level.

With injury or illness to your lungs, you may not be able to get enough oxygen into your body by breathing the air around you. This can happen with lung diseases like emphysema or asthma, or with other diseases like heart failure. Extra oxygen, called oxygen therapy, may be needed to keep your oxygen at the right level. This extra oxygen may be needed while you exercise or get more active. For some, extra oxygen may be needed during sleep. As the lung disease or other condition affecting your lungs gets worse, oxygen therapy may be needed all of the time to keep your oxygen level in a good range.

How are oxygen levels measured?

Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs) – a sample of your blood is collected in a syringe using a needle that is put into the artery. Your oxygen level, the level of carbon dioxide and the acidity of your blood are checked with this test.

What happens if my oxygen level is too low?

Because all of your body's cells need oxygen to work and live, low oxygen can affect almost every part of your body. Low oxygen is very hard on cells of your heart and brain, and other body cells that are always working and not able to repair themselves. Also, when your oxygen level is low, the right side of your heart has to work much harder to pump blood through your lungs.

How will I feel if my oxygen is too low?

You may not feel any different. That is why you may need a pulse oximeter reading or ABGs to know your level. Some symptoms you may notice include:

• Feeling very tired

• Being short of breath

• Having trouble thinking or concentrating

• Feeling drowsy

• Being irritable

• Having a blue or gray tint to your skin, nails or lips

If you have these symptoms, let your doctor know. You may need to use oxygen therapy or change the amount of oxygen you are using.

123- Reasons for partition-3

एक दुखी परिवार-123

Transfer of power

A group migrates to its new homeland after the partition of India in 1947  ©An act of parliament proposed a date for the transfer of power into Indian hands in June 1948, summarily advanced to August 1947 at the whim of the last viceroy, Lord Louis Mountbatten. Nehru was his what? An ally? A friend? A colluding indian participant? A pick of the bunch of India's father of the nation-in waiting? Clubbed together, projected as attorney holders for the people of India though people never gave them any open mandate.

This preponement, better say collusive preponement , in Indian leaders' haste to climb the throne which the British were more eager to quit rather than freedom fighters eager to have them vacated , left a great many issues and interests unresolved at the end of colonial rule.

In charge of negotiations, the viceroy exacerbated difficulties by focusing largely on Jinnah's Muslim League and the Indian National Congress (led by Jawaharlal Nehru).

The two parties' representative status was established by Constituent Assembly elections in July 1946, but fell well short of a universal franchise.

Tellingly, although Pakistan celebrated its independence on 14 August and India on 15 August 1947, the border between the two new states was not announced until 17 August.

It was hurriedly drawn up by a British lawyer, Cyril Radcliffe, who had little knowledge of Indian conditions and with the use of out-of-date maps and census materials.

Communities, families and farms were cut in two, but by delaying the announcement the British managed to avoid responsibility for the worst fighting and the mass migration that had followed.

(Cont.   .)