Sunday 13 December 2015

Yoga 1-14

योग -१
१. यम
२. नियम 
३. आसन 
४. प्राणायाम
५. प्रत्याहार 
६. धारणा 
७. ध्यान 
८. समाधि 
यह हैं पतंजलि योग सूत्र के ८ अध्याय. साष्टांग योग सूत्र . योग की इस विधा का दूसरा प्रचलित नाम राज योग है जो योग की अन्य प्रचलित विधाओं में एक है , जैसे भक्ति योग , हठ योग , कर्म योग इत्यादि. योग की अन्य सारी विधाएँ इनसे कुछ न कुछ भिन्न हो सकती हैं, पर इन चारों से बिलकुल परे नहीं! उदाहरण के तौर पर, क्रिया योग.
 क्रिया योग का दो स्वरूप है. 
एक वो जिसे deathless guru बाबाजी से लाहरि महाशय के माध्यम से प्रदत्त माना जाता है, हालाँकि तंत्रिक पद्धति से उद्धृत इस विधा का प्रचार-प्रसार स्वामी शिवानन्द के द्वारा और बाद में स्वामी सत्यानंद परमहंस द्वारा किया गया. 
क्रिया योग का एक दूसरा स्वरूप पतंजलि राज योग में उल्लिखित है जिसमें क्रिया योग की परिभाषा है , 
तप 
स्वाध्याय 
ईश्वर प्रणिधान 
- यह क्रिया योग है.

(क्रमशः ............. )


योग -२
राज योग है जो योग , भक्ति योग , हठ योग , और कर्म योग अगर योग के सारे विधाओं को परिभाषित कर देते हैं तो जो अन्य योग की विधाओं का नाम हम सुनते आए है, वे क्या है? जैसे ज्ञान योग, मंत्र योग , स्वर योग , कुंडलिनी योग , लय योग , इत्यादि! यह प्रश्न अपने मन में उठ सकता है.
इस सम्बंध में एक बात स्पष्ट कर देना उचित होगा कि योग की हर विधा कहीं न कहीं एक दूसरे से जुड़ी हुई होती हैं , अंतर केवल उस आधारभूत संरचना का होता है जिस पर मूल रूप से योग की क्रियाएँ और सिद्धांत प्रतिपादित किए गए होते है .
ऐसी मान्यता है कि मनुष्य का स्वभाव इतना multi-faceted होता है कि जो प्रणाली एक व्यक्तित्व के लिए प्रभावी या उपयोगी हो सकती है वह दूसरे के लिए नहीं .

(क्रमशः ............. )


  

योग -३
किससे क्या जुड़े जो योग?
इस सरल प्रश्न का उत्तर भी सरल ही है, किंतु भ्रम की अवस्था से बाहर आना हमें अच्छा नहीं लगता . इसका सीधा कारण है conditioning जिसने क़ैद रहना हमारी आदत बन जाती है . 
अगर योग की सरल परिभाषा हम ढूँढ लें या समझ लें तो इतने मात्र में बहुतेरे भ्रम जो हमने पाल रखे हैं, आप से आप हमारा साथ छोड़ जाएँगे.
अथ योगअनुशाशनमi (Ath Yoganushashanam) से पतंजलि योग सूत्र की शुरुआत होती है. इसमें संकेत यह है कि जिन सूत्रों कि महर्षि पतंजलि नें की है वह प्रारम्भिक कक्षा के अभ्यास के लिए नहीं बल्कि उनके लिए उपयुक्त है जिन्होंने प्रारम्भिक अवस्था को सिद्ध कर लिया हो.
अन्यथा राजयोग का मुख्य सूत्र समझना कठिन है जिसमें योग को परिभाषित करते हुए महर्षि कहते हैं  योगह्चित्त्व्रितिनिरोदह (Yogaschittvritti nirodha).
यानी  योग चित्त  वृत्तियों के निरोध को कहते हैं . That is Yoga is about modifications of mind, to control it, to surmount it or to get over it is Yoga!
Isn't it an oversimplification of something known to be extremely puzzling, mysterious and inexplicable?
हमारे ख़ुद के द्वारा पाले गए भ्रम हैं जो हमें ऐसा सोंचने के लिए प्रेरित करते हैं क्योंकि हम योग सूत्र या फिर योग की किसी और विधा को इसके सरलतम स्वरूप में देखना नहीं चाहते.
चलिए योग के उपरोक्त परिभाषा से योग को सरल स्वरूप में समझने का प्रयास करें.
(क्रमशः ............. )




योग-४
चित्त वृत्ति निरोध क्या होता है, यह समझने से पहले चित्त को समझना आवश्यक है.
The sum total of mental stuff is what? जो मन-मस्तिष्क को मात्र विचारों की गठरी (bundle of thoughts) समझते हैं, उनके लिए चित्त क्या होता है , यह समझना कठिन हो सकता है.
चित्त, चेतना, चैतन्य!
इन शब्दों का हम प्रयोग तो करते हैं, लेकिन इसके पीछे कितना बड़ा यथार्थ हमारे सामने होते हुए भी पर्दे में है, यह जान लेना चाहिए.
A very bright young swami, addressed the first International Yoga Convention at Munger in 60s. He greatly impressed me though I was quite young then, in my teens only. He mainly spoke on Chitta , besides distinguishing dhyana from meditation and contemplation . All these were  look alikes, at least name or nomenclature- wise but are really poles apart. If not anything else, he awakened great curiosity in me to get some more light from him.
एक ब्रेक के दौरान मैंनें उन्हें प्रणाम किया और इच्छा जताई कि मेरे मन में कुछ प्रश्न हैं जिन्हें वे कृपा कर के हल कर दें. उन्होंने मेरा आशीर्वाद जे साथ स्वागत किया और प्रश्न पूछने के लिए प्रेरित किया.
ये चित्त होता क्या है , मैंने पूछा.
तो उन्होंने सरल भाव से कहा किसे , कैसे, क्या, कौन , कहाँ के चक्कर में क्या पड़ना? सबसे अच्छा होगा, ख़ुद दर्शन कर लो. दर्शन theory को नहीं , आमने सामने , आर पार देखने को कहते हैं .
मेरी जिज्ञासा बढ़ गयी, कि वे कोई चमत्कार करने वाले हैं, शून्य से हटात कुछ प्रकट कर के मुझे दिखाने वाले हैं.
आतुर आँखों से मैं उन्हें देख रहा था, कि अब कुछ हुआ .
और सचमुच हुआ , मेरा सामना चेतना - चित्त की परिभाषा से . वो ऐसे .............
(क्रमशः ......)





योग-५

Swamiji gave me a simple tip, asking me to try it, to directly and without any external aid, discover the meaning of Chitta and also to understand what Maharshi Patanjali implied by the expression 'योगह्चित्त्व्रितिनिरोदह (Yogaschittvritti nirodha). '
स्वामीजी नें मुझसे कहा, कोई भी मंत्र बोलो , जैसे ॐ, सोहम , राम,.............
मैंने उनमें से ही एक चुन लिया, सोहम.
उन्होंने कहा mentally repeat करो , बिना स्वर के , बिना आवाज़ निकाले, बिना जीभ या कंठ में किसी भी प्रकार के कंपन के, कंपन हो तो सिर्फ़ मस्तिष्क में, सोंच में, thought level पर!
यह समझना मेरे लिए कुछ नया नहीं था . मैंने आँखें बंद की और वैसा ही किया जैसा उन्होंने कहा.
आँखे खोल कर मैंने कहा कि स्वामीजी ही गया.
स्वामीजी नें कहा इसे जब ख़ाली हो या ख़ाली नहीं भी हो , अभ्यास करना , किंतु जो असल अभ्यास है चेतना या चित्त से परिचित होने का , वह ऐसे करना, आज रात, और कल सवेरे मुझे बताना अपना अनुभव!
फिर उन्होंने कहा, सोते समय, मंदिल जप ऐसे ही करना, नींद को रोकना मत , जब नींद आए सो जाना , केवल एक बात का ख़याल रखना कि मंदिल जप चल रहा है .
मैंने कहा समझ गया , इसपर स्वामीजी ने कहा एक बात और, जब भी नींद खुले, आधी रात में या सुबह , क्या मस्तिष्क में चल रहा है, नोट कर लेना . बस .
रात वैसे ही बीती और सुबह जब नींद टूटी तो पाया कि दिमाग़ में कुछ और नहीं चल रहा, बल्कि वही मानसिक जप चल रहा था.
मैंने स्वामीजी को दूसरे दिन बता दिया जैसे ही वे मंच से प्रवचन दे कर उतरे.
रात में तो जप तुम कर रहे थे, voluntarily. सुबह जब आँख खुली तो कौन कर रहा था? उन्होंने पूछा , यह जोड़ते हुए कि नींद आने से लेकर जागने तक यह सोहम चालू था , बताओ कौन कर कर रहा था ?
मुझे क्या मालूम , मैंने कहा, कुछ pretend करते हुए क्योंकि कुछ कुछ तो मैं समझ ही रहा था .
यही चित्त है, जो कभी सोता नहीं , बल्कि सुलाता और जगाता है, जो जीव में आत्मा का बाहरी  छोर है , उस धागे की तरह जिसके एक छोर को पकड़ कर दूसरे छोर तक पहुँचा जा सकता है. 
इसके बाद उन्हें कुछ बताना नहीं पड़ा क्योंकि दूसरे चोर की चर्चा उन्होंने अभी अभी किया था , अपने प्रवचन में .

(क्रमशः .......)




योग - ६

Voluntary और involuntary ही शुरुआत है चित्त सिद्धि की , नहीं तो इसे कम से कम चित्त - की - समझ , की सिद्धि की ही शुरुआत समझ लें .
Mind यानी मन चित्त की ऊपरी परत है . यह हर किसी को दिखाई देती है. एक शांत गहरे झील में एक कंकड़ फेंकें. कई तरंग उठने लगेंगी. अब झील की ऊपरी परत शांत नहीं है , उद्वेलित है. मन भी चित्त की ऊपरी परत पर उद्वेलित होती रहती है, बाहरी और भीतरी प्रभावों से . इसी को कहा गया है चित्त वृत्तियाँ (modifications of mind). यह शांत होता है क्या? आप ख़ुद देख लें.
इसे देखना भी बहुत आसान नहीं, हालाँकि दिखता आसान है. कोशिश कर के देख लें, एक छोटे से प्रयोग कर के .
किसी भी आरामदायक आसन या अवस्था में, चाहे लेट कर या कुर्सी पर बैठ कर , आँखे बंद कर लें.
अब द्रष्टा बन जायँ. ख़ुद के. बंद आँखो के सामने एक tv स्क्रीन है. उसे योग की भाषा में chidakash यानी चित्त का आकाश या space of consciousness कहते हैं .
द्रष्टा भाव से , यानी मात्र एक निरपेक्ष दर्शक की तरह देखना भी सब के लिए आसान नहीं . देखने वाले को पता चलेगा कि यह खोपड़ी जिसे हम prime mover की तरह जानते हैं, वह तो एक chattering box है जहाँ अगर कुछ है तो बस शोर शराबा . 
You will find thoughts, better say, train of thoughts, storming the mental space. 

(क्रमशः ......)



योग - ७

Involuntary.
Voluntary.
इन दो शब्दों को हम हल्के से न लें.
इनमें हमारे कई अनसुलझे प्रश्नों की कुंजी छुपी है, उत्तर निहित है. 
ग़ौर से देखें.
सबसे पहले involuntary functions पर विचार करें. हमारे शरीर में involuntary functions वो हैं जो स्वतः घटित हो रहा है. Voluntary वो जिसका संचालन हम अपनी इच्छा से करते हैं.
उदाहरण. हम कुछ खाते हैं . चबा चबा कर. यह voluntary function है  . जो खाना खाया, उसका पाचन हमारा system करता है , स्वतः कह लीजिए. इसी स्वतः होने को involuntary कहते हैं. 
Voluntary वह है जो हमारे क्षेत्राधिकार में है. हम कैसा भोजन ग्रहण करें , यह हमारे क्षेत्राधिकार में है. उस भोजन का हमारे पाचन प्रणाली पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ेगा, यह involuntary या autonomic system पर निर्भर है .
How do we express this, using scriptural terms?
 हम कहेंगे कर्म हमारा क्षेत्राधिकार है, किंतु उस कर्म का फल हमारा क्षेत्राधिकार है ही नहीं. 
कर्म voluntary function है जबकि कर्म फल involuntary function hai. 
This visibly small reality, holds the key to that which is not hidden, yet is a puzzle that we seek to resolve through misconceived means. 
Let see how and to what consequence.

(क्रमशः ...........)





योग-८

भागवत गीता के उपरोक्त श्लोक की विवेचना आदि शंकरचार्य से लेकर गांधी एवं अन्य संतों और महापुरुषों ने इतनी गहराई में किया है कि अब आगे कुछ भी व्याख्या के तौर पर कहना बहुत ही अनावश्यक लगेगा.
इसे विवेचना नहीं, मात्र एक .reference समझ लें, voluntary और involuntary के परिपेक्ष्य में.
  ना सिर्फ़ इस श्लोक में, भागवत गीता में अन्यत्र भी ऐसा निर्देश है कि हमारा अधिकार कर्म पर तो है, कर्म फल पर नहीं.
Voluntary action कर्म का सीधा उदाहरण है जिसपर हमारा अधिकार है, किंतु कर्म करने के बाद फल क्या और कैसा हो, यह भविष्य के गर्भ में होता है. 
होइहैं वही जो राम रचि राखा. 
कहते हैं न , सब नियति का खेल है। 
अब ज़रा देखिए. नियति को . छोटे कैन्वस पर. 
इस सम्बंध में सुदीप की निम्नलिखित टिप्पणी प्रासंगिक लगती है :-
At the outset he questions whether voluntary can be seen as divorced from involuntary?
"For example, I read bad books, live with bad friends, practice those habits repulsive to co-existence, in the result, my adrenaline gets programmed in that manner by which it produces those harmful enzymes, fluids which in turn dictates my mind to perform all bad action which are repulsive"
He adds, "to cut short a long narration, it may be easily said that  the voluntary actions are results of how we programe our  mind, and our up-bringing, schooling, teachers, parents, freinds and the society are important contributors to it".
वस्तुस्थिति यह है कि सुदीप में मूल मंत्र ठीक पकड़ा है. 
Voluntary और involuntary सम्बंधित हैं , भले ही दोनों अलग अलग हों.
 भागवत गीता कर्म को दो स्वरूप में परिभाषित करता है.
एक तो वह जो हम करते हैं , acts of omissions and commissions.
दूसरा वह जो बीज रूप धारण कर लेता है संस्कारों के रूप में . In the form of  archetypes. 
जो कम्प्यूटर प्रोग्रामिंग और ऐप्लिकेशन समझते हैं उनके लिए archएtypes को समझना मुश्किल नहीं बल्कि आसान है. Archetype (in Jungian psychology) is defined as a collectively inherited unconscious idea, pattern of thought, image, etc., universally present in individual psyches. Same way as computer and IT technology is founded on basic symbols that stay invidible but constitute prime movers for any program or application. syntaxes, for instance.
(क्रमशः .........)







योग-९

To drive home that what is obvious, let me shoot a poser, even though it might sound childish.
A man jumps into a swollen river. He does not know swimming.
Now predict. What consequence would he meet? Let me cite options.
1. He drowns to death.
2. He is recovered alive , miles away , by providential grace of course,
3. He is rescued to safety by some one who spots him drowning.
These are only some. Options may be even more. Can one vouch against any single, on the premise that the rest must be ruled out? 
Obviously, not.
This is about the permutations and combinations that define the vagaries of life. 
The wide spectrum that such vagaries constitute , tend to render and introduce too much of divine interventions in life. 
In fact, we are prone to shirk against reasoning out seemingly complicated equations of life. 
In that regard , divine interventions offer path of least resistance , better say easy escape route.
Yoga as a system, does not countenance such uncalled for escape routes, in preference to the concept that divinity is a wholesome system where rule of law operates, divine interventions being an intrinsic reality as something akin to an operating system.

(क्रमशः .......)





 

योग-१०

योग voluntary के रास्ते involuntary के inaccessible terrain में दाख़िल होने का एक सरल साधन है. साधन जितना सरल है, साध्य उतना ही दूभर और tough है यदि योग मार्ग को हम आत्मसात करने में विफल रहते हैं तो.
Voluntary और involuntary के बीच अन्योनाश्रय सम्बंध है , यह सब को मालूम है किंतु साधारण तौर पर हमें पता नहीं होता कि इस सम्बंध का हम उपयोग कैसे करें .
Emotions. ग़ुस्सा. ख़ुशी. दुख . प्रतिक्रिया. ऐसे कई नाम गिनाए जा सकते हैं. ये अनुभव क्या हैं? Voluntary? या involuntary? ग़ुस्से होने के लिए क्या आप ग़ुस्से को आमंत्रित करते हैं या फिर ग़ुस्सा ख़ुद आकर सिर पर सवार हो जाता है? वैसे ही दूसरे emotions, आते हैं और सवारी कर के हमें अच्छे बुरे situation में पहुँचा देते हैं या motivate करते हैं. तो ये voluntary कहाँ हुए.
विचार कर के ख़ुद देख लें, जिसे हम voluntary के नाम से सम्बोधित करते हैं, वो यथार्थ में क्या voluntary है? या फिर involuntary से चालित (driven) या प्रेरित या ....... (कुछ भी ) तो नहीं?
यदि उत्तर सकारात्मक है, जो कि है ही, तो हम आप वास्तव में क्या है? एक biological robot से ज़्यादा? जो involuntary promptings से driven है , यानी नियंत्रण कहीं और है! 
किंतु कहाँ? 
यह विश्लेषण योग्य विषय है!
योग की प्रासंगिकता यहीं पर है जिसका यहाँ ज़िक्र किया जा रहा है.
(क्रमशः ......)



योग-११

When the body is stressed, muscles tense up. Muscle tension is almost a reflex reaction to stress — the body's way of guarding against injury and pain.
Relaxation techniques have been shown to effectively reduce muscle tension, decrease the incidence of certain stress-related disorders, such as headache, and increase a sense of well-being.
Stress can make you breathe harder. That's not a problem for most people, but for those with asthma or a lung disease such as emphysema, getting the oxygen you need to breathe easier can be difficult.
And some studies show that an acute stress — such as the death of a loved one — can actually trigger asthma attacks, in which the airway between the nose and the lungs constricts.
The heart and blood vessels comprise the two elements of the cardiovascular system that work together in providing nourishment and oxygen to the organs of the body. The activity of these two elements is also coordinated in the body's response to stress. Acute stress — stress that is momentary or short-term such as meeting deadlines, being stuck in traffic or suddenly slamming on the brakes to avoid an accident — causes an increase in heart rate and stronger contractions of the heart muscle, with the stress hormones — adrenaline, noradrenaline and cortisol — acting as messengers for these effects. In addition, the blood vessels that direct blood to the large muscles and the heart dilate, thereby increasing the amount of blood pumped to these parts of the body and elevating blood pressure. This is also known as the fight or flight response. Once the acute stress episode has passed, the body returns to its normal state.
Chronic stress, or a constant stress experienced over a prolonged period of time, can contribute to long-term problems for heart and blood vessels. The consistent and ongoing increase in heart rate, and the elevated levels of stress hormones and of blood pressure, can take a toll on the body. This long-term ongoing stress can increase the risk for hypertension, heart attack or stroke.
Repeated acute stress and persistent chronic stress may also contribute to inflammation in the circulatory system, particularly in the coronary arteries, and this is one pathway that is thought to tie stress to heart attack. It also appears that how a person responds to stress can affect cholesterol levels.
(Cont.  .)

योग-१२
In a relaxed state  your heart and breathing rated slow, your blood pressure goes down, your production of stress hormones decreases, and your muscles relax. The relaxation response also seems to increase the available level of serotonin, which is a chemical in the body that positively affects emotions and thoughts. 
Most of us know but few stay aware of a reality that chemical secretions steer our conduct. The term conduct includes its negative variant as well, I.e misconduct.
How so ever tall one may seem, morally, socially, financially , religiously, politically, or any way likewise, the chemicals that secrete within us in response to any triggers , in fact, drive us to whatever admirable or despicable we do.
Religions do not prescribe these secretion management. Religions do not prescribe evil acts. Religions none the less do not prescribe remedy against such drives. 
But yoga does. Yoga does not come in the way of any life style or religious practices, rather it offers firm foundation thereto.
Dos and donts are exclusive province of religions and of puritans, not of yoga. Yoga causes these to sprout from within by involuntary mechanism.
Religions are often cited by collateral religious segments as being reason for social, political and global conflicts . That is so because religions are bereft of a salutary component that may work catalytic agent between what may presently seem poles apart. That component is yoga which is not part of Hindu religion as such, though it is a system which Hindus have preserved and developed down the ages as a scientific system rather than any belief system.
(Cont....)


योग-१३
Belief and assumption.
These terms are important.
Former is a species of science, latter that of religion.
The former prompts a quest, the latter precludes.
Both seem similar as do cheese and chalk, but are materially and substantially distance apart .
Yoga subscribed to assumptions, not to beliefs. An assumption is a temporary belief that reveals the truth assumed but a belief bars s search, thereby rendering revelation out of the question.
(Cont....)


योग-१४

At the root of all our thoughts, emotions and behaviours is the communication between neurons within our brains. Brainwaves are produced by synchronised electrical pulses from masses of neurons communicating with each other.

Brainwaves are detected using sensors placed on the scalp. They are divided into bandwidths to describe their functions 

 They are ALPHA  , BETA, GAMMA , THETA

Our brainwaves change according to what we’re doing and feeling. When slower brainwaves are dominant we can feel tired, slow, sluggish, or dreamy. The higher frequencies are dominant when we feel wired, or hyper-alert.


Delta brainwaves are the slowest but loudest brainwaves (low frequency and deeply penetrating, like a drum beat). They are generated in deepest meditation and dreamless sleep. Delta waves suspend external awareness and are the source of empathy. Healing and regeneration are stimulated in this state, and that is why deep restorative sleep is so essential to the healing process.

THETA WAVES (3 TO 8 HZ)

Theta brainwaves occur most often in sleep but are also dominant in deep meditation. It acts as our gateway to learning and memory. In theta, our senses are withdrawn from the external world and focused on signals originating from within. It is that twilight state which we normally only experience fleetingly as we wake or drift off to sleep. In theta we are in a dream; vivid imagery, intuition and information beyond our normal conscious awareness. It’s where we hold our ‘stuff’, our fears, troubled history, and nightmares.

ALPHA WAVES (8 TO 12 HZ)

Alpha brainwaves are dominant during quietly flowing thoughts, and in some meditative states. Alpha is ‘the power of now’, being here, in the present. Alpha is the resting state for the brain. Alpha waves aid overall mental coordination, calmness, alertness, mind/body integration and learning.

BETA WAVES (12 TO 38 HZ)

Beta brainwaves dominate our normal waking state of consciousness when attention is directed towards cognitive tasks and the outside world. Beta is a ‘fast’ activity, present when we are alert, attentive, engaged in problem solving, judgment, decision making, and engaged in focused mental activity. Beta brainwaves are further divided into three bands; Low Beta (Beta1, 12-15Hz) can be thought of as a 'fast idle, or musing. Beta (Beta2, 15-22Hz) is high engagement or actively figuring something out. Hi-Beta (Beta3, 22-38Hz) is highly complex thought, integrating new experiences, high anxiety, or excitement. Continual high frequency processing is not a very efficient way to run the brain, as it takes a tremendous amount of energy. 

GAMMA WAVES (38 TO 42 HZ)

Gamma brainwaves are the fastest of brain waves (high frequency, like a flute), and relate to simultaneous processing of information from different brain areas. It passes information rapidly, and as the most subtle of the brainwave frequencies, the mind has to be quiet to access it. Gamma was traditionally dismissed as 'spare brain noise' until researchers discovered it was highly active when in states of universal love, altruism, and the ‘higher virtues’. Gamma rhythms modulate perception and consciousness, disappearing under anaesthesia. Gamma is also above the frequency of neuronal firing, so how it is generated remains a mystery. The presence of Gamma relates to expanded consciousness and spiritual emergence.

WHAT BRAINWAVES MEAN TO YOU

Our brainwave profile and our daily experience of the world are inseparable.  When our brainwaves are out of balance, there will be corresponding problems in our emotional or neuro-physical health. Research has identified brainwave patterns associated with all sorts of emotional and neurological conditions. more...
Over-arousal in certain brain areas is linked with anxiety disorders, sleep problems, nightmares, hyper-vigilance, impulsive behaviour, anger/aggression, agitated depression, chronic nerve pain and spasticity. Under-arousal in certain brain areas leads to some types of depression, attention deficit, chronic pain and insomnia. A combination of under-arousal and over-arousal is seen in cases of anxiety, depression and ADHD. more...
Instabilities in brain rhythms correlate with tics, obsessive-compulsive disorder, aggressive behaviour, rage, bruxism, panic attacks, bipolar disorder, migraines, narcolepsy, epilepsy, sleep apnea, vertigo, tinnitus, anorexia/bulimia, PMT, diabetes, hypoglycaemia and explosive behaviour. more...

ALTERING YOUR BRAINWAVES

By rule of thumb, any process that changes your perception changes your brainwaves. 
 
Chemical interventions such as medications or recreational drugs are the most common methods to alter brain function; however brainwave training is also very effective. 
 
Over the long term, traditional eastern methods (such as meditation and yoga) train your brainwaves into balance. Of the newer methods, brainwave entrainment is an easy, low-cost method to temporarily alter your brainwave state. If you are trying to solve a particular difficulty or fine-tune your brainwave function, state-of-the-art brain training methods like neurofeedback and pEMFdeliver targeted, quick, and lasting results.  
 (Cont.    .)












Monday 19 October 2015

128-Partition
एक दुखी परिवार-128
Kashmir-stays none of contention
For both India and Pakistan, the most singular conflict unresolved since partition has concerned the former Princely State of Kashmir, whose fate was left undetermined at the time the British left. 
Lying as it did on the border, Kashmir was claimed by both countries, which have been to war over this region on numerous occasions.
The conflict has wasted thousands of lives and millions of dollars, but is closer to no solution , thank our leaders who got India this cancer in their haste to climb throne of independent India which the British , it is understood, were too willing to serve on a silver platter but not without bargaining such a devastating issue to engage India and Pakistan in an unending ordeal called Kashmir.


(Cont.    )

Saturday 17 October 2015

127- Reasons for partition-7
एक दुखी परिवार-127
Last months of British rule
Post-partition and conflict over Kashmir.

The death of Muhammed Ali Jinnah in 1948, the conflict with India over the Princely State of Kashmir (which both countries claimed at independence), as well as ethnic and religious differences within Pakistan itself, all combined to stymie (a situation or problem presenting such difficulties as to discourage or defeat any attempt to deal with or resolve it) early attempts to agree on a constitution and an effectively functioning civil administration.
This failure paved the way for a military takeover of the government in 1958 and later on, a civil war.
1971 saw the division of the Pakistan and the creation of the separate state of Bangladesh. Ever since then, military rule had been more often than not the order of the day in both countries.
India has maintained remarkable cohesion since independence, especially considering it is nearly the size of Europe.
At independence, in India and in Pakistan, civil unrest as well as ethnic and religious discord threatened the stability of the new country. However, the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi on 30 January 1948 by a Hindu fanatic strengthened the hand of secularists , so called, within the government.
Indian politicians ratified a constitution, which led to the first democratic elections in 1951. This made India the world's largest democracy and consolidated governmental authority over the entire subcontinent.
However, major tensions have persisted among both Muslim and Sikh communities, which suffered most from the violence and land loss resulting from partition. These tensions erupted most seriously in the 1980s in a violent campaign for the creation of a separate Sikh state which led ultimately to the assassination of Indira Gandhi.
Renewed victimisation of Muslims has also occurred, notably with the destruction of the Muslim shrine at Ayodhya in 1992 and anti-Muslim riots in Gujarat in 2004. With such notable exceptions, however, India has maintained a remarkable level of cohesion since independence, especially if one considers that it is a country nearly the size of Europe.

(Cont.   .)

Friday 16 October 2015

126-Reasons for partition-6
एक दुखी परिवार-126
Last months of British rule
Hopes for Pakistan
Strong support for the idea of an independent Pakistan came from large Muslim landowning families in the Punjab and Sindh, who saw it as an opportunity to prosper within a captive market free from competition.
Support also came from the poor peasantry of East Bengal, who saw it as an opportunity to escape from the clutches of moneylenders - often Hindu. Both were to be disappointed. Independent Pakistan inherited India's longest and strategically most problematic borders.
The heartland of support for the Muslim League lay in Uttar Pradesh, which was not included within Pakistan.
At the same time, 90% of the subcontinent's industry, and taxable income base remained in India, including the largest cities of Delhi, Bombay and Calcutta. The economy of Pakistan was chiefly agricultural, and controlled by feudal elites.
Furthermore, at the division of India, Pakistan won a poor share of the colonial government's financial reserves - with 23% of the undivided land mass, it inherited only 17.5% of the former government's financial assets. Once the army had been paid, nothing was left over for the purposes of economic development.
(Cont.   .)

Thursday 15 October 2015

125-Reasons for partition-5
एक दुखी परिवार-125
Last months of British rule

The last months of British rule were marked by a naval mutiny, wage strikes and successful demonstrations in every major city.

Elsewhere, the last months of British rule were marked by a naval mutiny, wage strikes and successful demonstrations in every major city. In all of these conflicts the British colonial government remained aloof, as it concentrated on the business of negotiating a speedy transfer of power.

(Cont.    .)

Tuesday 13 October 2015

124-Reasons for partition-4
एक दुखी परिवार-124
Tensions in India
Many have wondered why the British and Indian leaders did not delay until a better deal over borders could have been agreed. One explanation is that in the months and years immediately following World War Two, leaders on all sides were losing control and were keen to strike a deal before the country descended into chaos.
Immediately before World War Two, India was ravaged by the impact of the Great Depression, bringing mass unemployment. This created tremendous tensions exacerbated during the war by inflation and food grain shortages. Rationing was introduced in Indian cities and in Bengal a major famine developed in 1942.
The resulting discontent was expressed in widespread violence accompanying the Congress party's 'Quit India' campaign of 1942 - a violence only contained by the deployment of 55 army battalions.
With the cessation of hostilities, the battalions at the disposal of the government in India were rapidly diminished. At the same time, the infrastructure of the Congress Party, whose entire leadership was imprisoned due to their opposition to the war, had been dismantled.
The Muslim League, which co-operated with the British, had rapidly increased its membership, yet still had very limited grassroots level organisation.
This was dramatically revealed on the 16 August 1946, when Jinnah called for a 'Direct Action Day' by followers of the League in support of the demand for Pakistan. The day had dissolved into random violence and civil disruption across north India, with thousands of lives lost.
This was interpreted by the British as evidence of the irreconcilable differences between Hindus and Muslims. In reality, the riots were evidence as much of a simple lack of military and political control as they were of social discord.
Further evidence of the collapse of government authority was to be seen in the Princely State of Hyderabad, where a major uprising occurred in the Telengana region, and with the Tebhaga ('two-thirds') agitation among share-cropping cultivators in north Bengal. A leading role was played in both by the Communist Party of India.
(Cont.     .)

Monday 12 October 2015

Your Oxygen Level
When your lungs are healthy and working well, you breathe in air and your body gets the oxygen it needs to keep everything working. Your blood cells are able to pick up the oxygen and carry enough to handle your body's needs. This is your oxygen level.
With injury or illness to your lungs, you may not be able to get enough oxygen into your body by breathing the air around you. This can happen with lung diseases like emphysema or asthma, or with other diseases like heart failure. Extra oxygen, called oxygen therapy, may be needed to keep your oxygen at the right level. This extra oxygen may be needed while you exercise or get more active. For some, extra oxygen may be needed during sleep. As the lung disease or other condition affecting your lungs gets worse, oxygen therapy may be needed all of the time to keep your oxygen level in a good range.
How are oxygen levels measured?
Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs) – a sample of your blood is collected in a syringe using a needle that is put into the artery. Your oxygen level, the level of carbon dioxide and the acidity of your blood are checked with this test.
What happens if my oxygen level is too low?
Because all of your body's cells need oxygen to work and live, low oxygen can affect almost every part of your body. Low oxygen is very hard on cells of your heart and brain, and other body cells that are always working and not able to repair themselves. Also, when your oxygen level is low, the right side of your heart has to work much harder to pump blood through your lungs.
How will I feel if my oxygen is too low?
You may not feel any different. That is why you may need a pulse oximeter reading or ABGs to know your level. Some symptoms you may notice include:
• Feeling very tired
• Being short of breath
• Having trouble thinking or concentrating
• Feeling drowsy
• Being irritable
• Having a blue or gray tint to your skin, nails or lips
If you have these symptoms, let your doctor know. You may need to use oxygen therapy or change the amount of oxygen you are using.

123- Reasons for partition-3
एक दुखी परिवार-123
Transfer of power
A group migrates to its new homeland after the partition of India in 1947  ©An act of parliament proposed a date for the transfer of power into Indian hands in June 1948, summarily advanced to August 1947 at the whim of the last viceroy, Lord Louis Mountbatten. Nehru was his what? An ally? A friend? A colluding indian participant? A pick of the bunch of India's father of the nation-in waiting? Clubbed together, projected as attorney holders for the people of India though people never gave them any open mandate.
This preponement, better say collusive preponement , in Indian leaders' haste to climb the throne which the British were more eager to quit rather than freedom fighters eager to have them vacated , left a great many issues and interests unresolved at the end of colonial rule.
In charge of negotiations, the viceroy exacerbated difficulties by focusing largely on Jinnah's Muslim League and the Indian National Congress (led by Jawaharlal Nehru).
The two parties' representative status was established by Constituent Assembly elections in July 1946, but fell well short of a universal franchise.
Tellingly, although Pakistan celebrated its independence on 14 August and India on 15 August 1947, the border between the two new states was not announced until 17 August.
It was hurriedly drawn up by a British lawyer, Cyril Radcliffe, who had little knowledge of Indian conditions and with the use of out-of-date maps and census materials.
Communities, families and farms were cut in two, but by delaying the announcement the British managed to avoid responsibility for the worst fighting and the mass migration that had followed.
(Cont.   .)

Saturday 10 October 2015


122-Partition of India
एक दुखी परिवार-122
Reasons for partition-2
If Pakistan were indeed created as a homeland for Muslims, it is hard to understand why far more were left behind in India than were incorporated into the new state of Pakistan - a state created in two halves, one in the east (formerly East Bengal, now Bangladesh) and the other 1,700 kilometres away on the western side of the subcontinent .
It is possible that Mohammed Ali Jinnah, leader of the Muslim League, simply wished to use the demand for a separate state as a bargaining chip to win greater power for Muslims within a loosely federated India. Certainly, the idea of 'Pakistan' was not thought of until the late 1930s.
One explanation for the chaotic manner in which the two independent nations came into being is the hurried nature of the British withdrawal. This was announced soon after the victory of the Labour Party in the British general election of July 1945, amid the realisation that the British state, devastated by war, could not afford to hold on to its over-extended empire.
(Cont.   .)

Friday 9 October 2015

121-Partition of India
एक दुखी परिवार-121
Reasons for partition
India and Pakistan won independence in August 1947, following a nationalist struggle lasting nearly three decades. 
It set a vital precedent for the negotiated winding up of European empires elsewhere. Unfortunately, it was accompanied by the largest mass migration in human history of some 10 million. 
As many as one million civilians died in the accompanying riots and local-level fighting, particularly in the western region of Punjab which was cut in two by the border.
The agreement to divide colonial India into two separate states - one with a Muslim majority (Pakistan) and the other with a Hindu majority (India) is commonly seen as the outcome of conflict between the nations' elites.
 This explanation, however, renders the mass violence that accompanied partition , difficult to explain.
One explanation for the chaos in which the two nations came into being, is Britain's hurried withdrawal with the realisation , it could ill afford its over-extended empire.
(Cont.    .)
120-Kashmir- Nehru's unforgettable gift
एक दुखी परिवार-120
Article 370, what is?
Article 370 of the Constitution of India
Temporary Provisions with respect to the State of Jammu & Kashmir
1. Notwithstanding anything in this constitution:
(a) The provisions of Article 238 shall not apply in relation to the State of Jammu & Kashmir.
(b) The power of Parliament to make laws for the said state shall be limited to
(i) those matters in the Union List and the Concurrent List which in consultation with the Government of the State, are declared by the President to correspond to matters specified in the Instrument of Accession governing the accession of State to the Dominion of India as the matters with respect to which the Dominion Legislature may make laws for that State and 
(ii) Such other matters in the Said Lists as, with the concurrence of the Govt of the State, the President may, by order specify.
1. Explanation. For the purposes of this Article, the Govt of the State means the person for the time being recognized by the President as Maharaja of Jammu & Kashmir acting on the advice of the council of Ministers for the time being in office under the Maharaja’s Proclamation dated the fifty day of March 1948.
(c) The provisions of Article (1) and of this Article shall apply in relation to this State;
(d) Such of the other provisions of this Constitution shall apply in relation to that State Subject to such exceptions and modifications as the President may by order specify;

Provided that no such order which related to the matters specified in the Instrument of Accession of the State referred to in paragraph (i) of sub clause (1) shall be issued except in consultation with the govt of the State. 
Provided further that no such order which relates to matters other than those referred to in the last proceeding proviso shall be issued except with the concurrence of the Govt of the State. 
(2) If the concurrence of the Govt of the State referred to in para (ii) of Sub Clause (b) of Clause (1) be given before the Constituent Assembly for the purpose of framing the Constitution of the State is concerned. It shall be placed before such Assembly for such decision as it may take thereon. 
(3) Notwithstanding the anything in the foregoing provisions of the article, the President may, by public notification, declare that this Article shall cease to be operative or shall be operative only with such exceptions and modifications and from such date as he may notify. 
Provided that the recommendation of the Constituent Assembly of the State referred to in Clause (2) shall be necessary before the President issues such a notification. 
(Cont.  .)





Thursday 8 October 2015

119-Kashmir, ordeal that Nehru 
gave India to suffer incorrigibly.
एक दुखी परिवार-119
Art 370- the biggest impediment 
Consequences of Article 370
Article 370 has been the biggest impediment to integration of J&K State into Indian Union. That it was incorporated in the Indian Constitution by the machination of two individuals – Shiekh Abdullah and Nehru is all the more regrettable. Nehru had to eat the humble pie when he had to arrest the Sheikh for his divisive and anti national stance on 8 Aug 1953 but he did not let go of his concept of keeping J&K a separate entity. In 1957, some top leaders of National Conference led by Mr Qasim split the party and formed a group called Democratic National Conference (DNC). 
It had abrogation of Article 370 on its agenda. Nehru would not brook any opposition to his policy of keeping J&K a separate entity. He told the leaders that a new threat (China) is emerging and it is an inopportune time to raise this issue and forced them to drop their demand. Nehru thereafter decided to withdraw the Kashmir conspiracy case against Sheikh Abdullah. This case had been going on since May 21, 1958. The formal orders however were issued by Govt of India on 8 April 1964. 
It is often forgotten that J&K state is not a homogeneous entity. Apart from Valley Muslims, Jammu has a predominantly Hindu population while Ladakh has a mix of Buddhist and Muslims. Then you have the Gujjars & Bakarwals. Why is Article 370 detrimental to the full integration of J&K state into Indian Union. Firstly the Central Govt can make laws only with concurrence of the State govt, practically giving it the Veto power. Article 352 and 360 for declaration of national and financial emergency respectively cannot be applied in Kashmir. While a citizen of India has only Indian citizenship, J&K citizens have two citizenships. Anti Defection Law is not applicable to J&K. No outsider can buy property in J&K state. 
The beneficial laws such as Wealth Tax, Gift Tax & Urban Land Ceiling Act and intermarriage with other Indian nationals do not operate in J&K State. Even Article 356 under which President of India can impose his rule in any state cannot be enforced in J&K without consent of the Governor who himself is an appointee of the President. State of J&K can refuse building of any cantonment on any site or refuse to allot land for defence purposes. 
Article 370, included in the Constitution on a temporary provision should have been gradually abrogated. This has not happened in sixty years. In fact whenever someone mentions this, vested interests raise an outcry that legitimate rights of Kashmiris are being trampled upon. Stated agenda of National Conference is return to pre 1953 status. Why should a state of Indian Union have a special status? It conveys a wrong signal not only to Kashmiris but also to the separatists, Pakistan and indeed the international community that J&K is still to become integral part of India, the sooner Article 370 is done away is better. 
(Cont.   .)

Wednesday 7 October 2015

118- Nehru's legacy-India suffers.

एक दुखी परिवार-118
Art. 370
By Maj Gen Sheru Thapliyal


The Drama Unfolds
Having finalized the text of Article 370 with Sheikh Abdullah, Nehru brought in Gopalaswamy Ayyangar, IAS, as a minister without portfolio to help him deal with Kashmir portfolio and plead the case of Article 370 in the Constituent Assembly. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar had been prime minister of Kashmir for six years with Maharaja Hari Singh. When Sardar Patel expressed his misgivings, this is what Nehru had to say on Dec 27, 1947. 
“Gopalaswamy Ayyangar has been especially asked to help in Kashmir matters. Both for this reason and because of his intimate knowledge and experience of Kashmir, he had to be given full latitude. I really do not know where the States Ministry (Sardar Patel’s ministry) comes into the picture except that it should be kept informed for the steps taken. All this was done at my instance and I do not propose to abdicate my functions in regard to matters for which I consider myself responsible. May I say that the manner of approach to Gopalaswamy was hardly in keeping with the courtesy due to a colleague.” 
The Sardar thereupon resigned and the matter fell in Gandhiji’s lap to bring the two colleagues together. During this period, V Shankar, IAS was the personal secretary to Patel and had maintained a record of all events. It is clear from these records that Nehru finalized the draft of Article 370 alongwith Sheikh Abdullah without even informing Patel. Thereafter it fell to Gopalaswamy Ayyangar to get the draft passed in the Constituent Assembly discussions. The proposal was torn to pieces by the Constituent Assembly and also Congress Party Executive. 
Nehru, who was abroad at the time, swallowed his pride and rang up Patel and requested him to get the Article 370 approved It speaks volumes of Patel’s loyalty to a colleague that despite his own and others misgivings, he managed to convince the members of Constituent Assembly and Congress Party Executive. But to V Shankar he said “Jawaharlal Royega”. V Shankar, in his record has described the meeting of the Congress Executive Committee “The meeting was one of the stormiest I have ever witnessed barring the party meeting which discussed the proposition relating to Rajaji becoming the first President of Indian Republic. The opinion in opposition to Gopalaswamy’s formula was forcefully and even militantly expressed and the issue even brought in the sovereignty of the Constituent Assembly to draw up the Constitution without being tied down to the apron-strings of the Kashmir State Constituent Assembly. In such a situation even Maulana Azad was shouted down. 
The Party was in uproar. The Sardar had to plead that because of the international complications, a provisional approach alone could be made leaving the question of final relationship to be worked out according to the exigencies of the situation and mutual feelings and confidence that would have been by then created. Once the Sardar had taken charge, all opposition to the draft was silenced” And how Nehru responded to this great act of loyalty on part of Sardar? On 24 July 1952, after Sardar was no more, Nehru made a detailed statement on Kashmir in the Parliament on slow integration of Kashmir into India Union and mentioned that “Sardar Patel was all the time dealing with these matters.” Even Gopalaswami Ayyangar was dismayed at this blatant lie and mentioned to V Shankar “It is an ill return to the Sardar for the magnanimity he had shown in accepting Panditji’s point of view against his better judgment.” 
(Cont.  .)

Tuesday 6 October 2015

117-Kashmir ordeal- Nehru's legacy
एक दुखी परिवार-117

By Maj Gen Sheru Thapliyal
Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah 

Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah Charismatic Kashmiri leader who never let go of his dream of ruling an independent Kashmir even while masquerading as a secularist — architect of Article 370 along with Nehru. He must share with Nehru the grave consequences. Lion of Kashmir brought Nehru under his spell from 1938 onwards to the extent that in May 1947 when he was arrested by the Maharaja for sedition, Nehru represented Sheikh as his lawyer and was even arrested in Jun 1947 by the Maharaja while trying to enter J&K. Finally Nehru had to eat the humble pie by arresting Sheikh Abdullah for sedition on 9 Aug 1953. 
Maharaja Hari Singh The Maharaja saw an opportunity at the end of British Raj to keep Kashmir as the Switzerland of the East. Trying to repeat history when his ancestors – Maharaja Gulab Singh and Ranbir Singh gained handsome dividends by keeping aloof during the Sikh War and Great Mutiny, Hari Singh tried to sign a standstill Agreement with India and Pak at the time of independence, Pakistan signed, India declined. Maharaja died a lonely man, forced to abdicate and exiled from  his beloved land.
(Cont.  .)

Sunday 4 October 2015


116-Kashmir ordeal that Nehru 
gave India to suffer incorrigibly.

एक दुखी परिवार-116
Handsome Harrow educated aristocrat

By Maj Gen Sheru Thapliyal

Dramatis Personal
Jawahar Lal Nehru The handsome Harrow educated aristocrat who gave up a life of luxury to join the freedom movement. Babu’s choose heir and darling of the masses, he had a fatal flaw. He cared for personalities rather than issues and institutions, be it selection of Lord Mountbatten as the first Governor General of free India, retaining a senior British officer as the Commander-in-Chief of India Army or backing Sheikh Abdullah to the hilt – his choices were unfortunate. Finally the Chinese aggression of 1962 shattered his image of a world statesman. 
Sardar Patel The Iron Man of India — silent, strong and pragmatic with a complete hold on congress party organization — rightly credited with creating a unified India by integrating 565 princely states in it — he would have included Kashmir also in it if allowed to do so by Nehru. The only blot on him was the insinuation that he failed to protect his beloved Bapu. The slur only hastened his end in Dec 1950. 
(Cont.    )